Carbon nanotube 3D chips to store and process data

BOSTON: Scientists, including those of Indian origin, have built a new 3D chip using carbon nanotubes that can store and process massive amounts of data, paving the way for smaller, faster and more energy-efficient devices.

Computers today comprise different chips cobbled together. There is a chip for computing and a separate chip for data storage, and the connections between the two are limited.

As applications analyse increasingly massive volumes of data, the limited rate at which data can be moved between different chips is creating a critical communication "bottleneck."

With limited real estate on the chip, there is not enough room to place them side-by-side, even as they have been miniaturised - a phenomenon known as Moore's Law.

To make matters worse, the underlying devices, transistors made from silicon, are no longer improving at the historic rate that they have for decades.

The new prototype chip, developed by researchers at Stanford University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the US, is a radical change from today's chips.

It uses multiple nanotechnologies, together with a new computer architecture, to reverse both of these trends.

Instead of relying on silicon-based devices, the chip uses carbon nanotubes, which are sheets of 2D graphene formed into nanocylinders, and resistive random-access memory (RRAM) cells, a type of non-volatile memory that operates by changing the resistance of a solid dielectric material.

The researchers, including Subhasish Mitra and Krishna Saraswat from Stanford, integrated over one million RRAM cells and two million carbon nanotube field-effect transistors, making the most complex nanoelectronic system ever made with emerging nanotechnologies.

The RRAM and carbon nanotubes are built vertically over one another, making a new, dense 3D computer architecture with interleaving layers of logic and memory.